نشریه مهندسی معدن

نشریه مهندسی معدن

بررسی فنی تغییر روش استخراج از سطحی به زیرزمینی در معدن سنگ ساختمانی دهبید

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد استخراج موادمعدنی، گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه کاشان، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه کاشان، ایران
چکیده
معدنکاری سطحی کواری، از روش‌‌های رایج استخراج سنگ‌‌های ساختمانی در ایران است. باطله‌برداری زیاد به دلیل افزایش عمق معدنکاری و معضلات زیست‌محیطی ناشی از تولید گرد و غبار حین استخراج در معدنکاری کواری، باعث استفاده گسترده روش معدنکاری زیرزمینی برای استخراج سنگ ساختمانی‌‌ در سایر کشورها شده است. اتاق و پایه، یکی از روش‌‌های معدنکاری زیرزمینی پرکاربرد و قابل اجرا برای استخراج بلوک‌های سنگ ساختمانی است. معمولا در این روش استخراج، افزایش ابعاد پایه و کاهش عرض اتاق‌‌ها باعث کاهش میزان استخراج یا درصد بازیابی می‌‌شود. بنابراین برای تعیین ابعاد بهینه اتاق و پایه باید به گونه‌‌ای کارگاه طراحی شود که با کمترین میزان جابه‌‌جایی، بیشترین میزان بازیابی ماده معدنی حاصل شود. از آنجا که هنوز در ایران معدنکاری زیرزمینی سنگ ساختمانی انجام نشده است، در این تحقیق به مطالعه فنی تغییر روش معدنکاری سنگ ساختمانی، از روش سطحی کواری به روش زیرزمینی اتاق و پایه، پرداخته شده است. بدین منظور با استفاده از اطلاعات معدن سنگ مرمریت دهبید، به طراحی و تحلیل پایداری کارگاه‌‌ استخراج اتاق و پایه پرداخته شده است. روش بکار رفته در این تحقیق، مدل‌‌سازی عددی به کمک نرم‌‌افزار تفاضل محدود FLAC3D است. در مرحله اول مدل‌سازی با ساخت هندسه سه‌بعدی معدن زیرزمینی به کمک نرم‌‌افزار SketchUp، توپوگرافی سطح زمین و فضاهای استخراجی زیرزمینی، شامل اتاق‌های منظم و پایه‌های مربعی، شبیه‌سازی شده است. برای تخصیص ویژگی‌های مکانیکی ‌‌سنگ به مدل، از نتایج آزمایش‌های مکانیک سنگ انجام شده و داده‌های به دست آمده از نرم‌افزار RocData استفاده شده است. همچنین برای تعیین ابعاد بهینه کارگاه استخراج، از چهار هندسه کارگاه استخراجی با ابعاد مختلف اتاق و پایه، یعنی 20×10، 18×16، 16×16 و 18×18 متر استفاده شده است. نتایج تحلیل تنش – جابه‌جایی نشان داد که با افزایش ابعاد پایه و کاهش عرض اتاق‌‌ها، یعنی از کارگاهی با ابعاد 20×10 متر به کارگاهی با ابعاد 16×16 متر، میزان جابه‌‌جایی در سقف کارگاه استخراج از 32/4 به 75/2 میلی‌متر کاهش یافته است. همچنین از بین چهار کارگاه استخراج در نظر گرفته‌شده، کارگاه با ابعاد اتاق و پایه برابر با 16×16 متر، به عنوان طرح بهینه برای احداث کارگاه استخراج انتخاب شده است. تحلیل پایداری بر اساس روش ساکورایی نیز نشان داد که کارگاه یاد شده دارای سطح تراز هشدار 2 بوده است، بنابراین این کارگاه پایدار و ایمن است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Technical investigation of changing the mining method from surface to underground in Dehbid stone mine

نویسندگان English

Ebrahim Mahdavi 1
Majid Noorian-Bidgoli 2
1 M.Sc. in Mining Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
چکیده English

Surface mining, particularly using the quarry method, is a common technique for extracting building stones in Iran. However, the increasing depth of mines and the environmental impacts, especially dust generated during quarry mining, have led to a transition towards underground mining of building stones in various regions worldwide. Room and pillar is a commonly applied and suitable underground mining method for extracting building stone blocks. Typically, this method involves a trade-off where increasing the dimensions of the pillars while narrowing the rooms results in reduced extraction volumes or recovery percentages. Consequently, to determine the optimal dimensions for both room and pillar, it is imperative to design the stope to maximize ore recovery while minimizing displacement. Given that stone underground mining remains unexplored in Iran, this research focuses on a technical examination of transitioning from surface (quarry) to underground (room and pillar) mining methods. Utilizing data from the Dehbid marble mine, the study encompasses the design and stability analysis of the room and pillar stope. The research employs numerical modeling through FLAC3D finite difference software. In the initial modeling phase, SketchUp software was used to simulate the topography of the surface and the underground mining spaces, including regular rooms and square pillars, by creating a 3D geometry of the underground mine. The rock's mechanical characteristics were assigned to the model based on results from rock mechanics tests and data from RocData software. Four geometries with varying room and pillar dimensions (20×10, 18×16, 16×16, 18×18 m) were analyzed to determine the optimal dimensions of the stope.  The findings from the stress-displacement analysis indicate that increasing the pillars' dimensions and reducing the rooms' width—specifically, changing a stop from dimensions of 20×10 meters to 16×16 meters—decreased roof displacement. The stop's roof displacement decreased from 4.32 mm to 2.75 mm in such case. Also, stability analysis employing the Sakurai method further affirmed the safety and stability of this chosen stope, categorizing it at a warning level of 2.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Surface mining (quarry)
Underground mining
Stability analysis
Building stone
Room and pillar method
  Darling, P., 2023. “SME Surface Mining Handbook”. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, SME. ##
Yarahmadi, R., Bagherpour, R., Sousa, L.M. and Taherian, S.G., 2015. “How to determine the appropriate methods to identify the geometry of in situ rock blocks in dimension stones”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74: 6779-6790. ##
  Samarakoon, K.G.A.U., Chaminda, S.P., Jayawardena, C.L., Dassanayake, A.B.N., Kondage, Y.S. and Kannangara, K.A.T.T., 2023. “A Review of Dimension Stone Extraction Methods”. Mining, 3(3): 516-531. ##
  Langer, W.H., 2001. “Potential environmental impacts of quarrying stone in karst: a literature review”. U.S. Geological Survey open-file report, 01-0484. ##
  Ilseven, S. and Kaşot, N., 2020. “Impact of quarries on the kyrenia mountains (cyprus) towards human and natural environment”. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(2): 323-327. ##
  Sairanen, M., Rinne, M. and Selonen, O., 2018. “A review of dust emission dispersions in rock aggregate and natural stone quarries”. International Journal of Mining, reclamation and environment, 32(3): 196-220. ##
  Mosaferi, M., Dianat, I., Khatibi, M.S., Mansour, S.N., Fahiminia, M. and Hashemi, A.A., 2014. “Review of environmental aspects and waste management of stone cutting and fabrication industries”. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 16: 721-730. ##
  Kun, M. and Baran Tufan, N.K., 2014. “The applicability of underground mining methods in limestone quarries of Western Taurus”. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mining, Material and Metallurgical Engineering Prague, Czech Republic, Paper (No. 61). ##
  Newman, C., Newman, D. and Dupuy, R., 2020. “Development of a multiple level underground limestone mine from geology through mine planning”. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 30(1): 63-67. ##
  Hartman, H.L. and Mutmansky, J.M., 2002. “Introductory mining engineering”. John Wiley & Sons. ##
  González-Nicieza, C., Álvarez-Fernández, M.I., Menéndez-Díaz, A. and Alvarez-Vigil, A.E., 2006. “A comparative analysis of pillar design methods and its application to marble mines”. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 39: 421-444. ##
  Bonetto, S., Fornaro, M., Giuliani, A. and Lasagna, M., 2008. “Underground quarrying and water control: Some cases from Northern Italy”. Mine water and the Environment, 7-10. ##
  Pelizza, S., Oreste, P.P., Peila, D. and Oggeri, C., 2000. “Stability analysis of a large cavern in Italy for quarrying exploitation of a pink marble”. Tunnelling and underground space technology, 15(4): 421-435. ##
  Millar, D.L., Brown, T.J., Kruyswijk, J.B., Smith, N., Coggan, J.S., Foster, P.J., Steadman, E.J., Evans, D.J. and Hewitt, J., 2012. “Assessing the feasibility of underground mining of aggregates in southern and eastern England”. In Proceedings of the 16th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Extractive Industry Geology Conference, 54-70. ##
  Kortnik, J., 2009. “Underground natural stone excavation technics in Slovenia”. RMZ–Materials and Geoenvironment, 56(2). ##
  Kortnik, J., 2015. “Stability assessment of the high safety pillars in Slovenian natural stone mines”. Archives of Mining Sciences, 60(1): 403-417. ##
  Rybár, P., Hronček, P., Tometzová, D., Domaracká, L. and Jesenský, M., 2017. “Underground quarries their possible use for mining tourism purposes–Slovak perspectives on the example of the underground stone quarry of Veľká Stráň”. Acta Geoturistica, 8(2): 87-107. ##
  Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Poesen, J., Dusar, M., Martens, V. and Duchateau, P., 2007. Sinkhole formation above underground limestone quarries: A case study in South Limburg (Belgium)”. Geomorphology, 91(1-2): 19-37. ##
  Oggeri, C., Oreste, P., Valentino, D. and Fornaro, M., 2001. “Going underground in quarrying: Technical perspectives for marble in Portugal”. In Proceedings of the 17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey-IMCET, Ankara, 19-22. ##
  Benardos, A.G., Kaliampakos, D.C., Prousiotis, J.G., Mavrikos, A.A. and Skoparantzos, K.A., 2001. “Underground aggregate mining in Athens: a promising investment plan”. Tunnelling and underground space technology, 16(4): 323-329. ##
  Esterhuizen, G.S., Dolinar, D.R. and Ellenberger, J.L., 2011. “Pillar strength in underground stone mines in the United States”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48(1): 42-50. ##
  Aksoy, C.O. and Onargan, T.U.R.G.A.Y., 2006. “Sizing room and pillar by numerical modeling for underground marble quarries in Turkey”. Journal of Mining Science, 42: 483-489. ##
  Soni, A., Monsalve, J.J., Bishop, R. and Ripepi, N., 2023. “Modified design of pillar based on estimated stresses and strength of pillar in an underground limestone mine”. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 40(2): 529-541. ##
  Iannacchione, A.T., Marshall, T.E., Burke, L., Melville, R. and Litsenberger, J., 2003. “Safer mine layouts for underground stone mines subjected to excessive levels of horizontal stress”. Mining Engineering, 55(4): 25-31. ##
  Soni, A., 2022. “Optimizing Pillar Design for Improved Stability and Enhanced Production in Underground Stone Mines”, Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech. ##
  Monsalve Valencia, J.J., 2022. “A Risk-Based Pillar Design Approach for Improving Safety in Underground Stone Mines”. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech. ##
  Esterhuizen, G.S., Dolinar, D.R. and Ellenberger, J.L., 2008.Pillar strength and design methodology for stone mines”. In Proceedings of the 27th international conference on ground control in mining. Morgantown WV: West Virginia University, 241-253. ##
  He Mc, J.I.A.X.N., Coli, M., Livi, E. and Sousa, L., 2012. “Experimental study of rockbursts in underground quarrying of Carrara marble”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 52: 1-8. ##
  Esterhuizen, E., Dolinar, D.R., Ellenberger, J., 2010. Roof span design for underground stone mines”. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, 318-324. ##
  Esterhuizen, G.S., Ellenberger, J.L., 2010. Pillar and roof span design in stone mines”. Extracting the Science: A Century of Mining Research. ##
  Perrotti, M., Lollino, P., Fazio, N.L. and Parise, M., 2019. “Stability charts based on the finite element method for underground cavities in soft carbonate rocks: validation through case-study applications”. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19(10): 2079-2095. ##
  Iannacchione, A.T., 1999. “Pillar design issues for underground stone mines”. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University, 271-281. ##
  Kortnik, J., 2012. “High safety pillars design for underground excavation of natural stone blocks”. Journal of. Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 3(6): 179-188. ##
  Millar, D.L., Brown, T.J., Kruyswijk, J.B., Smith, N., Coggan, J.S., Foster, P.J., Steadman, E.J., Evans, D.J. and Hewitt, J., 2012. “Assessing the feasibility of underground mining of aggregates in southern and eastern England”. In Proceedings of the 16th Extractive Industry Geology Conference, Extractive Industry Geology Conference, 54-70. ##
  Kun, M.E.T.E., 2014. “Evaluation and applications of empirical approaches and numerical modeling of an underground limestone quarry with room and pillar design”. Journal of Mining Science, 50: 126-136. ##
  Coli, M., Livi, E., Baldi, M. and Coli, N., 2012. “Studies for rockburst prediction in the Carrara marble-II: geostructural/geomechanical rivisitation and 2D FEM modeling of a large underground quarry”. In ISRM EUROCK, (pp. ISRM-EUROCK). ##
  Ferrero, A.M., Segalini, A. and Giani, G.P., 2010. “Stability analysis of historic underground quarries”. Computers and Geotechnics, 37(4): 476-486. ##
  Georgieva, T., Descamps, F., Gonze, N., Vandycke, S., Ajdanlijsky, G. and Tshibangu, J.P., 2023. “Stability assessment of a shallow abandoned chalk mine of Malogne (Belgium)”. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 27(6): 2358-2372. ##
  Martins, R., Lopes, L. and Branco, E., 2017. “Underground Marble Exploitation-A Portuguese Case Study and Technical Aspects”. In Proceedings of the IV International Stone Congress, Izmir - Turkey, 65-683. ##
  Ferrero, A., Migliazza, M., Segalini, A. and Giani, G.P., 2009. “In situ fracturing mechanics stress measurements to improve underground quarry stability analyses”. In Proceedings of the 3rd CANUS Rock Mechanics Symposium, 1-8. ##
  Cravero, M. and Iabichino, G., 1997. “Geomechanical study for the exploitation of an underground marble quarry”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 34(3-4): 58.e1-58.e14. ##
  Marchetti, D., Avanzi, G.D.A., Sciarra, N., Calista, M. and Piaggi, L., 2012. “Pillar sizing and stability analysis by numerical modeling for underground stone quarrying”. In Proceedings of the ISRM International Symposium-EUROCK, 1-13. ##
  Ferrero, A.M., Migliazza, M., Segalini, A. and Gullì, D., 2013. “In situ stress measurements interpretations in large underground marble quarry by 3D modeling”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 60: 103-113. ##
  Alcalde-Gonzalo, J., Prendes-Gero, M.B., Álvarez-Fernández, M.I., Álvarez-Vigil, A.E. and González-Nicieza, C., 2013. “Roof tensile failures in underground excavations”. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 58: 141-148. ##
  Biondi, G., Fiandaca, O., Aliberti, D. and Cascone, E., 2022. “Effect of the presence of a historical underground quarry on site seismic response”. In Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III, CRC Press, 756-767. ##
  Cardu, M., Dipietromaria, S. and Oreste, P., 2016. “Sub-level stoping in an underground limestone quarry: an analysis of the state of stress in an evolutionary scenario”. Archives of Mining Sciences, 61(1). ##
  Crassoulis, G., Kapenis, A., Thoraval, A., Ferrero, M., Germann, K., Iabichino, G., Gardenato, M. and Dell’Antone, F., 1999. “Development of an integrated computer-aided design and planning methodology for underground marble quarries”. Conference of EUROTHEN'99, Second annual Workshop, Cagliari, 1-6. ##
  Dintwe, T.K., Seiki, T. and Noguchi, S., 2017. “Stability Evaluation of an Underground Quarry in Oya”. In Proceedings of the 2nd Join Conference of Utsunomiya University and Universitas Padjadjaran, 145-150. ##
  Esterhuizen, G.S. and Iannacchione, A.T., 2005. “Effect of the dip and excavation orientation on roof stability in moderately dipping stone mine workings”. In ARMA US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, (pp. ARMA-05). ##
  Esterhuizen, G.S., Dolinar, D.R. and Iannacchione, A.T., 2008. “Field observations and numerical studies of horizontal stress effects on roof stability in US limestone mines”. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 108(6): 345-352. ##
  Grosso, B., Dentoni, V. and Bortolussi, A., 2021. “Effect of the rock stress on the water jet cutting performance”. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 54(9): 4987-4999. ##
  Kumar, R., Choudhury, D. and Bhargava, K., 2016. “Simulation of rock subjected to underground blast using FLAC3D”. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication, 2(12): 508-511. ##
  Oggeri, C. and Oreste, P., 2015. “Underground Quarrying for Marble: Stability assessment through modelling and monitoring”. International Journal of Mining Science (IJMS), 1(1): 35-42. ##
Seiki, T., Dintwe, T.K.M., Yamaguchi, R., Noguchi, S., and Ohmura, T., 2018. “Seismic characteristics of field measurements and numerical analyses of an underground quarry in Oya”. In Rock Dynamics and Applications 3, 501-507. ##
Yang, H.S., Kim, W.B. and Ali, M.A., 2012. “Performance of pillar design in underground stone mines that include discontinuities”. Geosystem Engineering, 15(3): 187-194. ##
Fargier, Y., Antoine, R., Dore, L., Lopes, S.P. and Fauchard, C., 2017. “3D assessment of an underground mine pillar by combination of photogrammetric and geoelectric methods”. Geophysics, 82(4): E143-E153. ##
Slaker, B.A., Murphy, M.M. and Miller, T., 2017. “Analysis of monitoring techniques to measure floor heave in an underground limestone mine”. In Proceedings of the SME Annual Conference and Expo 2017, 54-58. ##
Mahdavi, E, 2023. “Design and geomechanical analysis of the stope in changing the mining method from quarry to underground (Case study: Dehbid stone mine)”. Thesis, University of Kashan. ##
Itasca, F., 2013. “Fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions”. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Itasca Consulting Group. ##
 

  • تاریخ دریافت 05 آبان 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری 16 اسفند 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 17 اسفند 1403